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Distillation Design – Henry Z. Kister

Distillation Design (DOWNLOAD HERE / DESCARGAR AQUI)
Henry Z. Kister

Chapter 1. Introduction to Distillation
1.1 Distlllatlon Background
1.1.1 What is a Distlllation?
1.1.2 Why Distillation?
1.2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)
1.2.1 K-Value and Relativa Volatility
1.2.2 Ideal and Non-ldeal System
1.2.3 Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Composition on K·Values and Volatility
1.2.4 Phase Diagrama
1.2.5 Calculatlon of Bubble Polnts and Dew Points
1.2.6 Azeotropes
1.3 Nomenclature
1.3.1 English Letters
1.3.2 Greek Letters
1.3.3 Subscripts
1.3.4 Superscripts
1.4 References
Chapter 2. Key Fractionation Concepts
2..1 Theoretical Stages
2.1.1 Ideal and Non-ideal Stages
2.1.2 Strlpplng, Rectificatlon, and Fractionation
2.1.3 Material and Energy Balances
2..2 x-y Diagrama
2.2.1 McCabe-Thlele Diagrams: Fundamentals
2.2.2 Constant Molar Overflow and Other Assumptlons
2.2.3 McCabe·Thlele Diagrams: Une EquatJons
2.2.4 McCabe·Thlele Diagrams: Construction
2.2.5 Optlmum Feed Stage and Plnchlng
2.2.6 Minimum Reflux RatIo
2.2.7 Minimum Stripping
2.2.8 Total Reflux and Minimum Stages
2.2.9 Allowance for Stage Efflclenctes
2.2.10 Extenslon to Complex Columns
2.3 Key Concepts of Multicomponent Distlllation
2.3.1 Key and Non-key Components
2.3.2 Column Composition and Temperature Profiles
2.3.3 Hengstebeck Dlagrams: Principles
2.3.4 Hengstebeck Dlagrams: Construction
2.3.5 Minimum Reflux by Hengstebeck Dlagram
2.3.6 Key Ratio Plots and Retrograde Distillation
2.3.7 Best Feed Stage Locatlon
2.3.8 Distribution of Nonkevs (dlb Plots)
2.4 Analyzlng Computer Simulation Results by Graphlcal Techniques
2.4.1 Use of x-y Dlagrams (McCabe·Thiele and Hengstebeck)
2.4.2 Use of Key Ratio and dib Plots
2.5 Nomenclature
2.5.1 Engllsh Letters
2.5.2 Greek Letters
2.5.3 Subscripts
2.6 References
Chapter 3. Column Process Deslgn, Optlmlzatlon, and Shortcut Calculations
3.1 Process Design and Optimization
3.1.1 Separation Specification: Requirements and Options
3.1.2 Optlmizing Product Recovery (Material Balance Optimization)
3.1.3 Optlmizlig Separation (Energy Balance Optimization)
3.1.4 Application of Recovery and Separation Optimization
3.1.5 Saving Column Pressure
3.1.6 Optimum Reflux Ratio
3.1.7 Feed Stage Optimization by Computer
3.1.8 Minimum Reflux by Computer
3.1.9 Minimurn Stages by Computer
3.1.10 Process Design Procedure
3.2 Reflux and Stages: Shortcut Methods
3.2.1 Minimum Stages
3.2.2 Minimum Reflux
3.2.3 Minimum Reflux for Systems Containing Distributed Nonkeys
3.2.4 Extension of the Minimum Reflux Equations
3.2.5 Reflux Stages Relationships
3.2.6 Feed Stage Location
3.2.7 Analysis of Existing Columns: the Smith-Brinkley Method
3.2.8 The Analytical x-y Dlagram: Smoker's Equation
3.2.9 The Jeffrey, Douglas, and McAvoy Equation: Design Control
3.3 Nomenclature
3.3.1 Engllsh Letters
3.3.2 Greek Letters
3.3.3 Subscripts
3.4 Relerenees
Chapter 4. Rigorous Destillation Calculations
4.1 Basic Concepts
4.1.1 Stage and Column Modals
4.1.2 Basic (MESH) Equations of Rigorous Distillation
4.2 Rigorous Computatlonal Methods
4.2.1 The Basic Classification of the Methods
4.2.2 PreComputer Methods
4.2.3 The Strategy of Solution Using a Rigorous Method
4.2.4 Tridiagonal Matrix Method for the Material Balances
4.2.5 Bubble-Point (BP) Methods
4.2.6 Numerical Methods-the Newton-Raphson Technlque
4.2.7 Sum·Rates (SR) Method
4.2.8 2 Newton Methods
4.2.9 Global Newton Methods
4.2.10 Inslde-Out Methods
4.2.11 Relaxation Methods
4.2.12 Homotopy-Continuatlon Methods
4.2.13 Nonequilibrium or Rate Based Methods
4..3 How to Use and Which to Use
4.3.1 Hints for Setting Separation Specifications
4.3.2 Problems When Setting Simulation Input
4.3.3 Recovering from Failures and Analyzing Results
4.3.4 Which Method to Use
4.3.5 What to Look for in Choosing a Package or Method
4.4 Nomenclature
4.4.1 English Letters
4.4.2 Greek Letters
4.4.3 Subscripts
4.4.4 Superscripts
4.5 References
4.5.1 General Reviews and Surveys
4.5.2 General Sources Used Throughout
4.5.3 First Statement of the General Methods
4.5.4 Early Methods lor Computers
4.5.5 Material Balance Methods
4.5.6 Thelle-Geddes Orlented (lneluding Bubble-Point Methods)
4.5.7 Sum-Rates or Absorber-Oriented Methods
4.5.8 Global Newton Methods
4.5.9 Relaxation Methods
4.5.10 Inside-Out Algorithms
4.5.11 Homotopy Methods
4.5.12 Nonequilibrium Models
4.5.13 Incorporation of Efficientness in Rigorous Distlllation Calculations
4.5.14 Applications of Convergence Methods and Comparisons
4.5.15 Program Reference Manuals
4.5.16 Numerical Methods
4.5.17 Personal Communlcations
Chapter 5. Batch Dlstlllatlon
5.1 Existing Systems
5.1.1 Simple Distillation
5.1.2 Constant Reflux Ratio
5.1.3 Varying Reflux Ratio
5.1.4 Time and Boll·Up Requirements
5.2 New Design-A Case HIstory
5.3 Special Note to Readers
5.4 References
Chapter 6. Tray Design and Operation
6.1 The Common Tray Types
6.1.1 Description of the Common Tray Types
6.1.2 Comparlson of the Common Tray Types
6.2 Tray Capacity Limits
6.2.1 The Classical Hydraulic Model
6.2.2 Tray Stability Diagram
6.2.3 Deflnltlons of Tray Area, Vapor Load and Liquid Load
6.2.4 Tray Flooding Mechanisms
6.2.5 Factor. Affecting Flooding
6.2.6 Entrainment (Jet) Flooding
6.2.7 Downcomer Backup Flooding
6.2.8 Downcomer Aeration
6.2.9 Owncomer Choke Flooding
6.2.10 Derating ("System") Factors
6.2.11 Entrainment
6.2.12 Sieve Tray Weeping
6.2.13 Valve Tray Weeping
6.2.14 Dumping
6.3 Tray Hydraulic Parameters
6.3.1 Pressure Drop
6.3.2 Dry Pressure Drop
6.3.3 Pressure Drop Through the Aerated Llquid
6.3.4 Head loss Under Downcomer Apron
6.3.5 Clear Liquid Height and Froth Density
6.3.6 Turndown
6.4 Flow Regimes on Trays
6.4.1 The Common Flow Regimes
6.4.2 The Flow Regime Likely to Exist on Industrial trays
6.4.3 Transltion Between Flow Regimes
6.4.4 Implications of the Spray Regime for Design and Operation
6.4.5 Impllcations of the Emulsion Regime for Design and Operation
6.5 Column Sizing
6.5.1 General Considerations
6.5.2 Tray Sizing Example and lnitial Steps
6.5.3 Preliminary Determination ot Tower Diameter
6.5.4 Preliminary Tray Layout
6.5.5 First Trial
6.5.6 Second Trial
6.5.7 Hydraulic Checks, Second Trial
6.5.8 Third Trial
6.5.9 Turndown Checks (Based on Third Trial)
6.5.10 Concluding Comments on Design Philosophy
6.5.11 Tray Design Summary
6.5.12 Hydraulic Performance Summary
Chapter 7. Tray Efficiency
7.1 Tray Efficiency Fundamentals
7.1.1 Definitions
7.1.2 Point Efficiency Fundamentals
7.1.3 Tray Efficiency Fundamentals
7.2 Tray Efficiency Prediction
7.2.1 Theoretical Prediction Methods
7.2.2 Empirical Prediction Methods
7.2.3 Prediction by Data lnterpolation
7.2.4 Tray Efficiency Calculation Example
7.3 Tray Efficiency Scaleup
1.3.1 Effect of Errors in VLE on Efficiency
1.3.2 Liquid Flow Patterns and Maldistribution on Large Trays
1.3.3 Effect of Tray Maldistribution on Efflciency
7.3.4 Other Factors Affecting Tray Efficiency
1.3.5 Tray Efficiency in Multicomponent Separations
1.3.6 Efficiency Scaleup: Process Factors
7.3.7 Efflclency Scaleup: Equipment Factors
7.4 Nomenclature for Chapters 6 and 7
7.4.1 English Letters
7.4.2 Greek Letters
7.4.3 Subscripts
7.5 References for Chapters 6 and 7
Chapter 8. Packing Design and Operation
8.1 Packing Types
8.1.1 Classification
8.1.2 Packing ObJectives
8.1.3 Types of Random Packings
8.1.4 Comparison of Random Packings from Different Generations
8.1.5 Packing Material-Random Packings
8.1.6 Structured Packing Evolution
8.1.7 Types ot Wire-Mesh Structured Packings
8.1.8 Geometrical Features of Corrugated Structured Packings
8.1.9 Types of Corrugated Structured Packings
8.1.10 Structured Packings Versus Random Packings
8.1.11 Considerations lor Specifying structured Packings
8.1.12 Types of Grids
8.1.13 Grid Versus Other Packings
8.2 Packing Hydraulics
8.2.1 Pressure Drop Flow Regimes
8.2.2 Efficiency Flow Regimes
8.2.3 Flood Point: Concept and Traps
8.2.4 Maximum Operational Capacity (MOC): Concept and Traps
8.2.5 Pressure Drop: Inherent Limitations and Traps
8.2.6 Flood-Point Prediction
8.2.7 Maxlmum Operationaf Capacity (MOC) Prediction
8.2.8 Pressure Orop Prediction by Correlation
8.2.9 Pressure Drop Prediction by Interpolation
8.2.10 Packing Factors
8.2.11 Loading Point
8.2.12 Column Sizing Criteria
8.2.13 Average Pressure Drop
8.2.14 Liquid Holdup
8.2.15 Minimum Wetting Rate
8.2.16 Underwetting
8.2.17 Minimum Vapor Rate
8.3 Comparing Trays and Packings
8.3.1 Factors Favoring Packed Columns
8.3.2 Factors Favoring Tray Columns
Chapter 9. Packing Efficiency and Scaleup
9.1 Packing Efficiency
9.1.1 The Translar Unit Concept
9.1.2 The HETP Coneept
9.1.3 Factors Affecting HETP
9.1.4 HETP Prediction-Mass Transfer Models
9.1.5 HETP Prediction-Rules of Thumb
9.1.6 HETP Prediction-Data Interpolation
9.2 Maldistribution and its Effects on Packing Efficiency
9.2.1 Effects of Liquid Maldistribution of HETP: An Overview
9.2.2 Effect of Maldistribution on Local LN Ratio
9.2.3 Effect of Lateral Mixing
9.2.4 Effect of Liquid Flow Nonunormally
9.2.5 The Zone-Stage Model
9.2.6 Empirical Prediction of the Effects of Maldistribution
9.2.7 Effect of Vapor Maldistribution on Packing Efficiency
9.2.8 Implications of Maldistribution for Packing Design Practice
9.3 Packed Tower Scaleup
9.3.1 Diameter Considerations
9.3.2 Height, Loading, Wetting and Other Considerations
9.3.3 Packed Tower Scaleup: Summary and Recommendations
9.4 Packed Column Sitting
9.4.1 Strategy
9.4.2 Column Sizing Example
9.4.3 Column Sizing Example: First Trial
9.4.4 Cofumn Sizing EXample: Second Trial
9.4.5 Column Sizing Exampie: Design Checks
9.4.6 Column Sizing Example: Design and Performance Summary
9.4.7 Concluding Comments on Design Philosophy
9,4.8 Column Sizing Example: Speculation on suppliers "Modifications for the Preliminary Design"
9.4.9 Column Sizing Example: Trays or Packlngs?
9.5 Nomenclature (Chapters 8 and 9)
9,5.1 English Letters
9.5.2 Greek Letters
9.5.3 SUbscripts
9.6 References (Chapters 8 and 9)
Chapter 10. Packing Capacity and Pressure Drop GPDC Interpolation Charts Atlas
10.1 Application Guidelines for Using the GPDC Interpolation Charts
10.2 A Guide to the GPOC Interpolatlon Charts
10.3 Acknowledgement
10.4 Relerences
Chapter 11. Packing Efficiency Data
11.1 Random Packings
11.1.1 Interpolatlon Procedure
11.1.2 Legend lor Table 11.1 Comments
11.2 Structured Packings
11.2.1 Efficiency Data Plots
11.2.2 Interpolation Procedure
11.2.3 Legend lor Table 11.2 Comments
11.3 References

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