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Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach – Robert S. Brodkey, Harry C. Hershey

Publicado: 2009-10-03 23:34:36

Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach
Robert S. Brodkey, Harry C. Hershey

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Part I: Basic Concepts in Transport Phenomena
1 Introduction to Transport Phenomena
1.1 Transport Phenomena and Unit Operations
1.2 Equilibrium and Rate Processes
1.3 Fundamental Variables and Units
1.4 The Role of Intermolecular Forces
1.5 Simple Balances

2 Molecular Transport Mechanisms
2.1 The Analogy
2.1.1 The Case for Heat Transfer
2.1.2 The Case for Mass Transfer
2.1.3 The Case for Momentum Transfer
2.1.4 The Analogous Forms
2.2 Heat Transfer
2.3 Mass Transfer
2.4 Momentum Transfer
2.5 Heat, Mass and Momentum Diffusivities
2.5.1 Thermal Conductivity
2.5.2 Diffusion Coefficient
2.5.3 Viscosity
2.6 A Comparison of the Transports

3. The general property Balance
3.1 The Balance or Conservation Concept
3.1.1 Input-Output Balance
3.1.2 Generation
3.1.3 Accumulation
3.1.4 The Balance Equation in Differential Form
3.2 The one-directional Balance Equation including Molecular and Convective Transport
3.2.1 Molecular Transport
3.2.2 Convection
3.3 The three dimensional balance Equation
3.4 The Continuity Equation
3.5 The General Property Balance for an Incompressible Fluid

4 Molecular Transport and the General Property
4.1 Steady Transport in One Direction Involving Input-Output with no Generation
4.1.1 Constant-area Transport
4.1.2 Variable-area Transport
4.2 Steady State Transport With Generation
4.2.1 Heat or Mass Transport with Constant Generation
4.2.2 Momentum Transfer with Generation at Steady-State
4.2.3 Laminar Flow in a Tube
4.2.4 Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates
4.2.5 Variable Generation
4.3 Concluding Remarks

5 Transport with a Net Convective Flux
5.1 Convective Flux Caused by Forced Convection
5.1.1 The Balance Equation
5.1.2 Coordinate Systems
5.1.3 Relationship Between Shear Stress and Shear Rate
5.1.4 The Continuity Equation
5.1.5 The Energy Balance
5.1.6 The Navier-Stokes Equation
5.1.7 The Boundary Layer
5.2 Convected Coordinates
5.3 Mass Diffusion Phenomena
5.3.1 Mass Flwes in Stationary and Convected Coordinates
5.3.2 Total Flux and Fick's Law
5.3.3 Binary Mass Diffusion in Gases
5.3.4 Binary Mass Diffusion in Liquids
5.3.5 Diffusion in Solids
5.3.6 Diffusion due to a Pressure Gradient
5.3.7 Diffusion with Three or More Components
5.4 Less Common Types of Mass and Thermal Transport
5.4.1 Heat Transport
5.4.2 Mass Transport

6. Flow Turbulence
6.1 Transitional and Turbulent Flow
6.1.1 The Reynolds Experiment
6.1.2 Transitional Flow
6.1.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
6.2 The Equations for Transport under Turbulent Conditions
6.2.1 Reynolds Rules of Averaging
6.2.2 Reynolds Equation for Incompressible Turbulent Flow
6.2.3 Reynolds Stresses
6.2.4 Turbulent Flow in Channels and Pipes
6.3 Turbulence Models
6.3.1 The Boussinesq Theory
6.3.2 The Prandtl Mixing Length Theory
6.3.3 Analogies
6.3.4 Film and Penetration Theories
6.4 The Velocity Distribution
6.5 Friction Factor

7. Integral Methods of Analysis
7.1 The general Integral Balance
7.1.1 The Integral Mass Balance
7.1.2 The Integral Balance on an Individual Species
7.1.3 The Integral Momentum Balance
7.1.4 The Integral Energy Balance
7.1.5 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Engineering Bernoulli Equation
7.2 Fluid Statics
7.2.1 Manometers
7.2.2 Buoyant Forces
7.2.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth
7.3 Recapitulation

8 Methods of Analysis
8.1 Inspection of the Basic Differential Equations
8.2 Dimensional Analysis
8.2.1 Rayleigh Method of Analysis
8.2.2 Buckingham Method
8.2.3 Completeness of Sets
8.3 Modeling

Part II Applications of Transport Phenomena
9 Agitation
9.1 Introduction to Agitation
9.2 Equipment
9.3 Geometric Similarity and Scale-up
9.4 Design Variables
9.5 Dimensionless Numbers
9.6 Scale-up
9.6.1 Scale-up Procedures for Turbulent Flow with Three or More Test Volumes
9.6.2 Scale-up Procedures for Turbulent Flow with Two Test Volumes
9.6.3 Scale-up Procedures for Turbulent Flow with a Single Test Volume
9.6.4 Scale-up Procedure for Laminar Flow
9.6.5 Scale-up Without Geometric Similarity

10 Transport in Ducts
10.1 Review
10.1.1 Laminar Pipe Flow
10.1.2 Turbulent Pipe Flow
10.2 Piping Systems
10.2.1 Roughness
10.2.2 Pressure Drop in Rough Pipes
10.2.3 von Karman Number
10.2.4 Solutions of Large Molecules
10.2.5 The Velocity Head Concept
10.2.6 Curved Tubes
10.2.7 Expansion and Contraction Losses
10.2.8 Pipe Fittings and Valves
10.2.9 Gases
10.2.10 Complex Fluid Flow Systems
10.3 Noncircular Conduits
10.4 Measurement of Fluid Flow
10.4.1 Orifice Meter
10.4.2 Venturi and Nozzle
10.4.3 Rotameter
10.4.4 Pitot Tube
10.4.5 Other Flow Metering Devices
10.5 Measurement of Pressure
10.6 Measurement of Temperature and Concentration

11 Heat and Mass Transfer in Duct Flow
11.1 Review and Extensions
11.1.1 Radiation
11.1.2 Convection
11.1.3 Conduction
11.1.4 The Resistance Concept
11.1.5 Slope at the Wall
11.1.6 Bulk and Film Temperatures
11.2 Laminar Pipe Flow
11.2.1 Fully Developed Transfer
11.2.2 Entry Region
11.3 Heat and Mass Transfer During Turbulent Flow
11.3.1 Review of Turbulence Models
11.3.2 Correlations for Fully Developed HOW
11.3.3 The Analogies
11.3.4 Other Methods
11.4 Double-pipe Heat Exchangers
11.4.1 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
11.4.2 Contact Resistance and Fouling Factors
11.4.3 Design Equations
11.4.4 Simple Solutions
11.5 Multipass Heat Exchangers
11.5.1 Equipment
11.5.2 Design Equations
11.6 Other Topics

12 Transport Past Immersed Bodies
12.1 The Boundary Layer and the Entry Region
12.1.1 The Laminar Boundary Layer
12.1.2 The Turbulent Boundary Layer
12.1.3 Heat and Mass Transfer During Boundary Layer Flow Past a Flat Plate
12.2 Flow Over Cylinders and Spheres
12.2.1 Ideal Flow (Nonviscous Fluids)
12.2.2 Stokes Flow Past a Sphere
12.2.3 Drag Coefficient Correlations
12.3 Flow Phenomena with Solids and Fluids
12.3.1 Introduction to Fluidization
12.3.2 Gas-Solid Fhridization
12.3.3 Liquid-Solid Fluidization
12.3.4 Packed Beds
12.3.5 Single-Cylinder Heat Transfer
12.3.6 Banks of Tubes
12.4 Flow Phenomena with Gas-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Mixtures

13 Unsteady-state Transport
13.1 Basic Equations
13.1.1 Heat Transfer Equation
13.1.2 Mass Transfer
13.1.3 Error Function
13.1.4 Heat Transfer with Negligible Internal Resistance
13.2 Finite Slab and Cylinder
13.2.1 Fourier Series Solution
13.2.2 Lapiace Transform Solution
13.2.3 Generalized Chart Solution
13.2.4 Numerical Solution
13.3 Other Geometries
13.3.1 Infinite Slab
13.3.2 Semi-infinite Slab
13.3.3 Cylinder
13.3.4 Sphere

Part III Transport Property
14 Estimation of Transport Coefficients
14.1 Cases
14.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases
14.1.2 Nonuniform Gas Theory
14.1.3 Empirical Correlations for Gases
14.2 Liquids
14.2.1 Viscosity
14.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
14.2.3 Diffusion Coefficient
14.3 Solids
14.4 Measurement of the Transport Properties
14.4.1 Viscosity Measurements
14.4.2 Thermal Conductivity
14.4.3 Diffusion Coefficient Measurements

15 Non-Newtonial Phenomena
15.1 Rheological Characteristics of Materials
15.1.1 Time-Independent Behavior
15.1.2 Time-Dependent Behavior
15.1.3 Viscoelastic Behavior
15.2 Rheological Measurements
15.2.1 Capillary Viscometer
15.2.2 Rotational Viscometers
15.3 Turbulent Flow
15.4 Agitation of Non-Newtonian Fluids
15.5 Heat Transfer in Pipe Flow

Appendixes

A Properties of Materials
Table A.1 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water
Table A.2 Thermophysical Properties of Dry Air
Table A.3 Constants in the Lennard-Jones 12-6 Potential as Determined from Viscosity Data
Table A.4 Le Bas Atomic and Molar Volumes at the Normal Boiling Point

B Mechanical Characteristics of Pipe and Tubing
Table B.l Standard Steel Pipe Dimensions, Capacities and Weights
Table B.2 Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tube Data

C Physical Constants, Units, and Conversion Tables
Table C.l Physical Constants
Table C.2 SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units
Table C.3 Derived Units of SI Which Have Special Names
Table C.4 SI Prefixes
Table C.5 Density (or Specific Volume)
Table C.6 Diffusivity
Table C.7 Force
Table C.8 Gravitational Conversion Constant
Table C.9 Heat Capacity
Table C.10 Heat Transfer Coefficient
Table C.ll Length
Table C.12 Mass
Table C.13 Mass Transfer Coefficient
Table C.14 Power
Table C.15 Pressure or Momentum Flux or Shear Stress
Table C.16 Thermal Conductivity
Table C.17 Viscosity
Table C.18 Volume
Table C.19 Work, Energy, and Torque
Table C.20 Miscellaneous

D Vector Mathematics
Table D.1 Introduction
Table D.2 Scalar Quantities and Vectors
Table D.3 Tensors

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