Libros de Ing. Quim. Recursos para Ingenieria Quimica.

Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design – Stanley M. Walas

Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design

Stanley M. Walas

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Viii CONTENTS 15.4. Adsorption Design and Operating Practices 504 15.5. Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices 506 Electrodialysis 508 15.6. Production Scale Chromatography 510 15.7. Equipment and Processes 510 Gas Adsorption 511 Liquid Phase Adsorption 513Ion Exchange 517 Ion Exchange Membranes and Electrodialysis 517 Chromatographic Equipment 520 References 522 CHAPTER 16 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTIONS 18.1. Drums 611 AND MELTS 523 18.2. Fractionator Reflux Drums 612 16.1. Solubilities and Equilibria 523 Phase Diagrams 523Enthalpy Balances 524 16.2. Crvstal Size Distribution 525 16.3. The Process of Crystallization 528 Conditions of Precipitation 528 Supersaturation 528 Growth Rates 530 16.4. The Ideal Stirred Tank 533 Multiple Stirred Tanks in Series 536 Applicability of the CSTC Model 536 16.5. Kinds of Crystallizers 537 16.6. Melt Crystallization and Purification 543 Multistage Processing 543 The Metallwerk Buchs Process 543 Purification Processes 543 References 548 18.3. Liquid-Liquid Separators 612 Coalescence 613 Other Methods 613 18.4. Gas-Liquid Separators 613 Droplet Sizes 613 Rate of Settling 614 Empty Drums 615 Wire Mesh Pad Deentrainers 615 18.5. Cyclone Separators 616 18.6. Storage Tanks 619 18.7. Mechanical Design of Process Vessels 621 Design Pressure and Temperature 623 Shells and Heads 624 Formulas for Strength Calculations 624 References 629 CHAPTER 19 OTHER TOPICS 631 CHAPTER 17 CHEMICAL REACTORS 549 17.1. 17.2. 17.3. 17.4. 17.5. 17.6. 17.7. 17.8. Design Basis and Space Velocity 549 Design Basis 549 Reaction Times 549 Rate Equations and Operating Modes 549 Material and Energy Balances of Reactors 555 Nonideal Flow Patterns 556 Residence Time Distribution 556 Conversion in Segregated and Maximum Mixed Flows 560 Conversion in Segregated Flow and CSTR Batteries 560 Dispersion Model 560 Laminar and Related Flow Patterns 561 Selection of Catalysts 562 Heterogeneous Catalysts 562 Kinds of Catalysts 563 Kinds of Catalvzed Organic Reactions 563 Physical Characteristics of Solid Catalysts 564 Catalyst Effectiveness 565 Types and Examples of Reactors 567 Stirred Tanks 567 Tubular Flow Reactors 569 Gas-Liquid Reactions 571 Fixed Bed Reactors 572 Moving Beds 574 Kilns and Hearth Furnaces 575 Fluidized Bed Reactors 579 Heat Transfer in Reactors 582 Stirred Tanks 586 Packed Bed Thermal Conductivity 587 Heat Transfer Coefficient at Walls, to Particles, and Overall 587 Fluidized Beds 589 Classes of Reaction Processes and Their Equipment 592 Homogeneous Gas Reactions 592 Homogeneous Liquid Reactions 595Liquid-Liquid Reactions 595 Gas-Liquid Reactions 595 Noncatalytic Reactions with Solids 595 Fluidized Beds of Noncatalytic Solids 595 Circulating Gas or Solids 596 Fixed Bed Solid Catalysis 596 Fluidized Bed Catalysis 601 Gas-Liquid Reactions with Solid Catalysts 604 References 609 CHAPTER 18 PROCESS VESSELS 611 19.1. Membrane Processes 631 Membranes 632 Equipment Configurations 632 Applications 632 Gas Permeation 633 19.2. Foam Separation and Froth Flotation 635 Foam Fractionation 635 Froth Flotation 636 19.3. Sublimation and Freeze Drying 638 Equipment 639 Freeze Drying 639 19.4. Parametric Pumping 639 19.5. Seoarations bv Thermal Diffusion 642 19.6. Electrochemical Syntheses 645 Electrochemical Reactions 646 Fuel Cells 646 Cells for Synthesis of Chemicals 648 19.7. Fermentation Processing 648 Processing 650 Operating Conditions 650 Reactors 654 References 660 CHAPTER 20 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT 663 References 669 APPENDIX A UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA 671 APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION FORMS 681 APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRES OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS 727 INDEX 747