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Essentials of Process Control – Luyen & Luyben

Essentials of Process Control (DOWNLOAD HERE / DESCARGAR AQUI)
Luyen & Luyben

Contents / Contenido

1 Introduction
1.1 Examples of Process Dynamics and Control
1.2 Some Important Simulation Results
1.2.1 Proportional and Proportional-Integral Level Control
1.2.2 ,Temperature Control of a Three-Tank Process
1.3 General Concepts and Terminology
1.4 Laws, Languages, and Levels of Process Control
1.4.1 Process Control Laws
1.4.2 Languages of Process Control
1.4.3 Levels of Process Control
1.5 Conclusion

PART I: Time Domain Dynamics and Control
2 Time Domain Dynamics
2.1 Classification and Definition
2.2 Linearization and Perturbation Variables
2.2.1 Linearization
2.2.2 Perturbation Variables
2.3 Responses of Simple Linear Systems
2.3.1 First-Order Linear Ordinary Differential Equation
2.3.2 Second-Order Linear ODES with Constant Coefficients
2.3.3 Nth-Order Linear ODES with Constant Coefficients
2.4 Solution Using MATLAB
2.5 Conclusion
3 Conventional Control Systems and Hardware
3.1 Control Instrumentation
3.1.1 Sensors
3.1.2 Transmitters
3.1.3 Control Valves
3.1.4 Analog and Digital Controllers
3.1.5 Computing and Logic Devices
3.2 Performance of Feedback Controllers 87
3.2.1 Specifications for Closedloop Response
3.2.2 Load Pcrjormance
3.3 Controller Tuning
3.3.1 Rules of Thumb
3.3.2 On-Line Trial and Error
3.3.3 Ziegler-Nichols Method
3.3.4 Tyreus- Luyben Method
3.4 Conclusions
4 Advanced Control Systems
4.1 Ratio Control
4.2 Cascade Control
4.3 Computed Variable Control
4.4 Override Control
4.5 Nonlinear and Adaptive Control
4.6 Valve Position (Optimizing) Control
4.7 Feedforward Control Concepts
4.8 Control System Design Concepts
4.9 Conclusion
5 Interaction between Steady-State Design and Dynamic Controllability
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Qualitative Examples
5.2.1 Liquid Holdups
5.2.2 Gravity-Flow Condenser
5.3 Simple Quantitative Example
5.3.1 Steady-State Design
5.3.2 Dynamic Controllability
5.3.3 Maximum Heat Removal Rate Criterion
5.4 Impact of Controllability on Capital Investment and Yield
5.4.1 Single-Reaction Case
5.4.2 Consecutive Reactions Case
5.5 General Trade-off between Controllability and Thermodynamic Reversibility
5.6 Quantitative Economic Assessment of Steady-State Design and Dynamic Controllability
5.61 Alternative Approaches
5.62 Basic Concepts of the Capacity-Based Method
5.63 Reactor-Column-Recycle Example
5.7 Conclusion
6 Plantwide Control
6.1 Series Cascades of Units
6.2 Effect of Recycle on Time Constants
6.3 Snowball Effects in Recycle Systems
6.4 Use of Steady-State Sensitivity Analysis to Screen Plantwide Control Structures
6.4.1 Control Structures Screened
6.5 Second-Order Reaction Example
6.5.1 Complete One-Pass Conversion
6.5.2 Incomplete Conversion Case
6.5.3 Interaction between Design and Control
6.5.4 Stability Analysis
6.6 Plantwide Control Design Procedure
6.7 Conclusion

PART 2: Laplace-Domain Dynamics and Control
7 Laplace-Domain Dynamics
7.1 Laplace Transformation Fundamentals
7.1.1 Definition
7.1.2 Linearity Property
7.2 Laplace Transformation of Important Functions
7.2.1 Step
7.2.2 Ramp
7.2.3 Sine
7.2.4 Exponential
7.2.5 Exponential Multiplied by Time
7.2.6 Impulse (Dirac Delta Function )
7.3 Inversion of Laplace Transforms
7.4 Transfer Functions
7.4.1 Multiplication by a Constant
7.4.2 Differentiation with Respect to Time
7.4.3 Integration
7.4.4 Deadtime
7.5 Examples
7.6 Properties of Transfer Functions
7.6.1 Physical Realizability
7.6.2 Poles and Zeros
7.6.3 Steady-State Gains
7.7 Transfer Functions for Feedback Controllers
7.8 Conclusion
8 Laplace-Domain Analysis of Conventional Feedback Control Systems
8.1 Openloop and Closedloop Systems
8.1.1 Openloop Characteristic Equation
8.1.2 Closedloop Characteristic Equation and Closedloop Transfer Functions
8.2 Stability
8.3 Performance Specifications
8.3.1 Steady-State Performance
8.3.2 Dynamic Specifications
8.4 Root Locus Analysis
8.4.1 Definition
8.4.2 Construction of Root Locus Curves
8.5 Conclusion
9 Laplace-Domain Analysis of Advanced Control Systems
9.1 Cascade Control
9.1.1 Series Cascade
9.1.2 Parallel Cascade
9.2 Feedforward Control
9.2.1 Linear Feedforward Control
9.2.2 Nonlinear Feedforward Control
9.3 Openloop-Unstable Processes
9.3.1 Simple Systems
9.3.2 Eflects of Lags
9.3.3 PD Control
9.3.4 Effect of Reactor Scale-up on Controllability
9.4 Processes with Inverse Response
9.5 Model-Based Control
9.5.1 Direct Synthesis
9.5.2 Internal Model Control
9.6 Conclusion

PART 3 Frequency-Domain Dynamics and Control
10 Frequency-Domain Dynamics
10.1 Definition
10.2 Basic Theorem
10.3 Representation
10.3.1 Nyquist Plots
10.3.2 Bode Plots
10.3.3 Nichols Plots
10.4 Computer Plotting
10.4.1 FORTRAN Programs for Plotting Frequency Response
10.4.2 MATLAB Program for Plotting Frequency Response
10.5 Conclusion
11 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Closedloop Systems
11.1 Nyquist Stability Criterion
11.1.1 Proof
11.1.2 Examples
11.1.3 Representation
11.2 Closedloop Spccilications in the Frequency Domain
11.2.1 Phase Margin
11.2.2 Gain Margin
11.2.3 Maximum Closedloop Log Modulus
11.3 Frequency Response of Feedback Controllers
11.3.1 Proportional Controller (P)
11.3.2 Proportional-Integral Controller (PI) /
11.3.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller (PID)
11.4 Examples
11.4.1 Three-CSTR Process
11.4.2 First-Order Lag with Deadtime
11.4.3 Openloop-Unstable Processes
11.5 Use of MATLAB for Frequency Response Plots
11.6 Capacity-Based Method for Quantifying Controllability
11.7 Conclusion
PART 4: Multivariable Processes
12 Matrix Representation and Analysis
12.1 Matrix Representation
12.1.1 Matrix Properties
12.1.2 Transfer Function Representation
12.1.3 State Variables
12.2 Stability
12.2.1 Closedloop Characteristic Equation
12.2.2 Multivariable Nyquist Plot
12.2.3 Niederlinski Index
12.3 Interaction
12.3.1 Relative Gain Array
12.3.2 Decoupling
12.4 Conclusion
13 Design of Controllers for Multivariable Processes
13.1 Problem Definition
13.2 Selection of Controlled Variables
13.2.1 Engineering Judgment
13.2.2 Singular Value Decomposition
13.3 Selection of Manipulated Variables
13.4 Elimination of Poor Pairings
13.5 BLT Tuning
13.6 Load Rejection Performance
13.7 Model Predictive Control
13.8 Conclusion

PART 5: Sampled-Data Systems
14 Sampling, z Transforms, and Stability
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Definition
14.1.2 Occurrence of Sampled-Data Systems in Chemical Engineering
14.2 Impulse Sampler
14.3 Basic Sampling Theorem
14.4 z Transformation
14.4.1 Definition
14.4.2 Derivation of z Transforms of Common Functions
14.4.3 Effect of Deadtime
14.4.4 z Transform Theorems
14.4.5 Inversion
14.5 Pulse Transfer Functions
14.6 Hold Devices
14.7 Openloop and Closedloop Systems
14.8 Stability in the z Plane
14.9 Conclusion
15 Stability Analysis of Sampled-Data Systems
15.1 Root Locus Design Methods .
15.2 Frequency-Domain Design Techniques
15.2.1 Nyquist Stabiliry Criterion
15.2.2 Rigorous Method
15.2.3 Approximate Method
15.2.4 Use of MATLAB
15.3 Physical Realizability
15.4 Minimal-Prototype Design
15.5 Conclusion

PART 6 Identification
16 Process Identification
16.1 Fundamental Concepts
16.1.1 Controol-Relevant Identification
16.1.2 Frequency Content of the Input Signal
16.1.3 Model Order
16.2 Direct Methods
16.2.1 Time-Dotttcth Fitting of Step Test Data
16.2.2 Direct Sine Wave Testing
16.3 Pulse Testing
16.4 Relay Feedback Identification
16.4.1 Autotunning
164.2 Approximate Transfer Functions
16.5 Least-Squares Methods
16.6 Use of the MATLAB Identification Toolbox
16.7. Conclusion

Appendix A
Computer Programs
Nonlinear Model
Appendix B: Instrumentation Hardware

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